Bio permaculture 04c1: pioneer
Masanobu Fukuoka: transforming
a farm to it's origin - in Japan (1938)
Fukuoka's
goal: Restore the original agriculture with fruit forest
and straw as it was 12,000 years ago - seed balls - nature
decides what grows where - the "mu" of
nothing-to-do-farming - 5 principles: NO plow, NO
fertilizer, NO compost, NO weeding, NO pesticides, NO
pruning - seed balls - fruit garden with citrus trees
combined with vegetable fields - experiments with rice and
barley and mulch - clover for nitrogen - flooding rice
fields 7 to 10 days only and complete insect world on the
ground - rice harvest with sickles and mulching with the
rice straw - from 1979, traveling without end
Masanobu Fukuoka, portrait [1] - Masanobu
Fukuoka's book: One Straw Revolutionary [2] - Amazon
Link - The seed balls [3] - the orchard with emphasis
on citrus trees (citrus garden), and old trees not harvested
anymore, but the fruits cause new trees [4]
Mulching with rice straw or barley straw [26] - white rice
roots from organic rice and black rotten roots from
pesticide flood rice [29] - organic rice before harvesting
[30] - white clover against weeds and for enrichment of the
soil with nitrogen [20]
1. Abolishing manure: Planting plants with long roots
improves the soil - and strengthening the other plants -
2. Abolishing pesticides: growing trees, the living space
the beneficial insects - forest garden and waters as
12,000 years ago - man is a visitor to nature - From 1947
continue the experiments - Book 1947 - Book 1975 -
Fukuoka: The "natural agriculture", as the Nature wants to
- reach the "Mu" - create the framework conditions - the
cleaning - find his place through observation - the
nothing-doing-agriculture - The "Mu" - The 5 Principles of
Fukuoka: No plow, no fertilizer, nothing compost, no
weeding, nothing pesticides, nothing crop - The zones of
the farm of Masanobu Fukuoka - The zones of the farm of
Masanobu Fukuoka: House with Surroundings - Cereal field -
Orchard (citrus garden) - Animals from outside - The
orchard of Fukuoka: New clay seed balls - an ancient
Japanese tradition - Farming with mixed seed balls under
citrus trees - the seeds decide where they grow - no
hothouses necessary - The White Clover - Mulch
Experiments: The Experiment with Straw and Rice - The
conversion of a farm to primitive agriculture is not easy
- since 1979: Travel without end - institutes,
universities, training, lectures, prices, reforestations:
desert in Transform forest -
Here are some big pioneers - concerning organic farming
with permaculture - almost NO machines, WITHOUT
pesticides, almost WITHOUT irrigation:
Transform a farm to it's origin - pioneer
Masanobu
Fukuoka in Japan (1938)
Masanobu Fukuoka, portrait [1] - Masanobu Fukuoka's
book: One Straw Revolutionary (1984) [2] - Amazon
Link
Fukuoka, the seed balls [3]
The Fukuoka Enlightenment of 1937: Original agriculture
with fruit forest and straw as it was 12,000 years ago -
the remodeling of a farm - barely equipment, but seed
balls ("seed bombs")
Masanobu Fukuoka experienced enlightenment in
1937 during a pneumonia and in 1938 started
remodeling a farm in his native village in
southern Japan remodeling the farm into the
original of 12,000 years old, virtually NO
machines, WITHOUT pesticides, and almost no
irrigation ,
-- "Shizen noho" means natural farming in
Japanese
-- Fukuoka was one of the five great pioneers of
organic farming, alongside with Rudolf Steiner
(Austria), Lady Eve Balfour (GB), J.I. Rodale
("USA").
-- There is no need to do anything but nature
has to be arranged so a farmer has hardly no
work at all: no tillage, no weeding, no pruning,
no fertilization, no pesticides use
-- The farm of Masanobu Fukuoka hardly needs
resources and hardly any equipment
-- The seed balls are an ancient Japanese
technique of sowing vegetables directly [web04].
Curriculum Vitae of Masanobu
Fukuoka: Agronomist - Pneumonia 1937 - machine
farming is ruining nature - remodeling the
farm and experience since 1938 - "Natural
Farming" -
Details:
Masanobu Fukuoka was born on 2.2.1913 on the island of
Shikoku (South Japan) [web02], in Ehime [web04] and grew
up in an aristocratic family. He trained as a
microbiologist and agronomist [web02]. His research
focused on plant pathology [web04]. Then he worked as an
agricultural inspector [web02]. That was his first job
after college. He lived in the city of Yokohama and was
busy with the inspection of native and imported plants. He
spent his days studying the environment with a microscope
[web05].
Masanobu Fukuoka in the 1930s, portrait [22] -
Masanobu Fukuoka in the 1930s investigating plants
with microscope [23]
Japan mit der Insel Shikoku [karte01] - Karte von Japan
mit Tokio und darunter Yokohama [karte 02]
Yokohama Showa 1930er Jahre [12] - Yokohama Hafenhalle
1930er Jahre [13] - Yokohama Showa mit Rikschas und
Autos 1930er Jahre [14]
From this life in Yokohama he became ill: During a
pneumonia in 1937 [web02], at which he almost died [web05]
[cause for the pneumonia is missing, perhaps too few
clothes? Too much nightlife?], he claims to have a "deep
spiritual experience," and from then on he questioned the
farming methods of modern agriculture [web02]. Masanobu
Fukuoka recognized: Industrial machinery-pesticide
agriculture is cutting up the connections in the ecosystem
and dividing it into pieces: trees, shrubs, stones, plants
and animals are separated, assessed, there are definitions
as beneficials and pests and thus certain of them
discriminated. But nature knows no discrimination, only
balance [web05]. In Yokohama, Fukuoka tried to teach his
vision to fellow human beings, but these considered his
natural agriculture as a step backwards and rejected it,
even stood in his way [web05].
He returned to the farm of his family on the island of
Shikoku and from 1938 on, he experimented his new ideas
with organic farming with citrus fruits [web02]. He
transformed the farm [web05]. Fukuoka became a pioneer: no
one had ever tried this before and he made one experiment
after another [web05]. So he developed "Natural Farming"
[web02]. He thought that nature can decide many things on
its own, leaving many decisions to nature. Cause research
and research into cause and effect were also a high
priority [web05].
1. Abolish fertilization: Plants with long roots
improve the soil - and strengthen the other plants
The orchard was changed: The soil was stabilized with
clover and plants with deep roots: daikon, burdock,
dandelion, etc. So the soil was enriched. He also sowed
radish, mustard, buckwheat, alfalfa, cereals and
perennials, and he planted various tree species. The soil
improved in a short time, so Fukuoka could reject any
fertilizer soon [web05].
2. Abolish pesticides: let trees grow, the habitat of
beneficial insects
As there was no habitat for many insects, Fukuoka had to
produce his own natural insecticide first as pyrethrum
being made of chrysanthemum roots, which he sprayed on his
vegetables to keep things like cabbage worms and cabbage
moths away. But after creating the habitat for many
different insects, natural balance was installed and all
manual insect control could be abolished [web05].
Forest garden and waters as they were 12,000 years ago
- man is a visitor to nature
Fruit garden with citrus fruits and vegetable fields by
Fukuoka [16]
12,000 years ago, the entire earth was a forest garden
with many waters, and this wild and naturally fertile
state can be restored [web05].
Deforestation and irrigated agriculture are not the truth,
it is much easier by returning to the orchard or forest
garden, as it existed 12,000 years ago [web05].
Man is only a visitor in nature - says Fukuoka. Things
that need a lot of human work are always automatically
questioned by Fukuoka in order to find easier ways.
Because nature can do many things ONLY if you restore the
original nature: insect control, fertilization,
irrigation, etc. Things that do not work must be left out
and an easier way has to be chosen [web05]. [In some cases
the solution "comes" later - one just has to wait for it].
From 1947 the experiments continue - book 1947 - book
1975
From 1939 to 1945 Fukuoka was in the war administration.
After 1945, the "US" occupation military forces robbed
most of his farm. There were only 3 1/2 acres rice land
and the hilly citrus orchards left. From 1947 the
experiments continued: Rice and barley were cultivated in
a direct sowing process. In the same year of 1947 he
published the first book "Mu 1: The God Revolution" (Kami
no Kakumei, Japanese:> 神 の 革命> 神 の 革命) [web02].
His second book "The One Strow Revolutionary" from 1975
was translated into 20 languages with a strong influence
on the western world [web04]. In 1978 it was translated
into English [web01].
Book by Fukuoka: The "One-Straw Revolutionary" 1978 [2]
- Tree garden by Fukuoka in Japan with many different
trees 1,2 [35,36]
Fukuoka: The "natural agriculture", as nature wants it
to reach the "Mu"
Create the framework conditions: Fukuoka
only creates the basic conditions, and then nature allows
itself to develop as it wants. Only sowing and harvesting
is permitted. Who else intervenes, is a culprit [web03]. The purification: The purification of the
earth from the criminal machine-pesticide agriculture
[with earthworms] goes hand in hand with the cleansing of
the human spirit [with meditation] [web03]. Observe and find a place: It is more about
getting to know the country, the place where you live, and
becoming part of it. The observation and analysis of
nature must be done only to find out where the place of
man is, not to "improve" nature - even this "research" is
a split of the unity of nature [web05] The nothing-to-do-agriculture:
-- Apart from sowing and harvesting, one has nothing to do
when all is arranged correctly knowing about complex
connections [web02]
-- There is a "natural agriculture", a
"nothing-to-do-farming" [web02] The "Mu": The "home" is the harmony with
nature, the state, when nature can do everything itself
and the humans only have to pick. Fukuoka referred to this
condition as "Mu", as "doing nothing", with a complete
connection to the ecosystem, so that one has little or
nothing left to do [web05].
Fukuoka harvesting giant radish [15]
The 5 principles of Fukuoka: NO plow, NO
fertilizer+compost, NO weeding, NO pesticides, NO
pruning
1. Plowing or tilling is not required, no engine machines
[this work is made by animals]
2. No fertilizers, no compost [tree leaves are
fertilizer+compost - and certain plants enrich the soil
with nitrogen]
3. No weeding, no pesticides, only minimal weed control
4. No pesticides, no herbicides [certain combinations of
plants make pesticides superfluous because plants are
mutually protecting themselves]
5. No pruning of fruit trees [web02] [animals do that].
So, "there is no need for plowing fields, there is no
weeding, no need to make compost, no need to flood the
rice fields" [web05].
Fukuoka's activities at his farm are limited to
-- Sprinkle seeds, sometimes in clay pellets [clay balls,
seed balls, "seed bombs"]
-- Distribute straw
-- Grow a ground cover made of clover [for nitrogene in
the soil]
-- Wait for the harvest [web05].
-- Self-sufficiency is realized
-- It follows the experience that the earth enriches one
-- One becomes a partner of the earth
-- Materialism with its greed and precision work is OUT
and obsolete
-- The complicated capitalism people have to find back to
a simplicity in life
-- This is how you reach "Zen": the point where you live
and are one with everything.
-- People become more balanced, independent, one lives
with other life forms, the earth gives the food
practically free [web05].
The zones of the farm of Masanobu Fukuoka:
Residential house with surroundings - cereal field -
orchard (citrus garden) - animals from outside
Zone 1 near the residential house
-- Japanese style vegetable garden
-- Kitchen waste is dug into the rows and the harvest
turned [?]
-- Chickens roam freely [web03].
Zone 2 is his cereal field:
-- 1x rice and 1x barley are grown annually, with direct
sowing [no plow]
-- The barley straw is used as mulch and the ground cover
is sown with white clover, so that the earth improves more
and more each year
-- Insects in the natural balance regulate the pests and
diseases to a minimum
-- The cereal cultivation method of Masanobu Fukuoka has
been taken over by Bill Mollison [web03].
Zone 3 is the orchard created by natural evolution without
artificial plantings:
-- Mainly mandarin oranges (oranges), with many other
fruit trees, indigenous trees and shrubs
-- Tall trees bind a lot of nitrogen and thus improve the
soil in depth
-- Medium trees are citrus trees and fruit trees
-- There is a mixture of weeds, vegetables, herbs and
white clover on the ground
-- Chickens roam freely [web03].
Masanobu Fukuoka, the orchard with
emphasis on citrus trees (citrus garden), old trees
are no longer harvested, but the fruits cause new
trees [4] - Fruit garden of Fukuoka at about 1980 [21]
Thus, the plants combine as they are, sunlight "traps" are
installed [ordering the trees] providing enough light and
balancing the insect population [with elected sorts of
trees and shrubs] [web03].
Zone 4: The animals come from outside
Wild animals and birds come and go, the surrounding forest
is a source of mushrooms, wild herbs and vegetables,
spiritual inspiration, harmony between animals, shrubs and
trees, as nature wants it [web03].
The orchard of Fukuoka
New clay seed balls - an old Japanese tradition
Masanobu Fukuoka is cultivating vegetables like wild
plants [web03]. There are clay-seed balls scattered:
<Fukuoka reinvented and developed the use of clay seed
balls. Originally, clay balls were an old practice of
mixing seeds for harvesting next season, sometimes with
humus or compost for microbial vaccines, and then rolling
them into small balls in clay. This method is often used
today in guerrilla gardening to sow quickly certain or
private areas.> [Web02]
Farming with mixed seed balls under citrus trees - the
seeds decide where they grow - no greenhouse necessary
Fukuoka grew vegetables under citrus trees. He just mixed
all the seeds together, distributed them everywhere and
let each seed find its own location. Often the vegetables
sprouted best where they were least expected. Vegetables
with seeds reproduce themselves and recreate every year.
The vegetables become as big and strong as they once were
[web03].
The tree garden: The seed mixture for vegetables
The seed mixture: cabbage, turnip, carrots, soybeans,
cucumbers etc. The seed balls are scattered, the white
clover is cut and is put as mulch over the seed balls.
Pumpkin, corn and tomatoes come back by themselves [web08,
7'5 '' - 7'35 ''].
The rice barley fields of Furuoka
Fukuoka walking through a cornfield: Fukuoka sprinkles new
seeds about 3 weeks before the harvest [8]
Rice seed balls
Rice grains are mixed with clay, with this mass small
globules are made and then scattered. If rice grains are
simply scattered directly, many grains are eaten by birds
and insects, or the seeds rot before germination (10'20
''). Threfore, Fukuoka came up with the idea of mixing
the seeds with clay so that birds, mice and slugs could no
longer eat the seeds (10'35 '').
Making rice seed balls: The seeds are soaked overnight in
water, then mixed with clay. The loam seed mass is forced
through a chicken wire and dried in the sun for 1 day
(10'46 ''). Ideally, there is one rice seed in every
pellet. In one day one can produce pellets for several
acres (10'54 ''). [web08]
Weed has no chance on the Fukuoka farm - by mulching
with straw
The rice seed pellets are sown in the fields where the
ripe barley stands, about 3 to 4 weeks before the barley
harvest. (11'2 ''). When rice and barley are constantly
planted one by one, weeds have no chance (11'15 '').
Movie title "Close to nature garden" [19] - Fukuoka at
about 1980 with rice harvest [17] - Fukuoka's organic
rice hip high on a dry field [18] - Fukuoka 1980 ca.
[24]
Rice straw and barley straw are used as mulch so the soil
will never leach out (11'33 ''). The rice seedlings are
trampled by the barley harvesters, but recover quickly
(11'45 ''). The neighbors growing barley with machines,
are burning the straw in the fields, because the straw
clogs the machines when the field for rice is plowed
(13'18 ''). On Fukuoka's farm, the straw is naturally
scattered at a height of about 1m and falls naturally,
leaving it naturally and is decomposed in a natural way
(14'0 '').
Fukuoka on his farm in the 1980s
approx. [25] - Fukuoka mulching his fields with rice
straw or barley straw always changing one after the
other [26] - harvest by hand in the fields on Fukuoka's
farm [27] - Fukuoka lets mulch his fields with straw
[28]
Machine farming is transplanting seedlings and then
submerges the fields against weeds (14'20 ''). Fukuoka is
flooding his rice fields only for 7 to 10 days, so weeds
and clover are sufficiently weakened, and the rice can
prevail (14'31 ''). The weeds are kept small, but survive
and are thus a habitat for beneficial insects (14'41 '').
[Web08]
Mulching experiments: the experiment with straw and
rice
Fukuoka made many mulching experiments with rice, but
found that rice shoots could not penetrate the dense straw
mulch, but only grew with light-scattered straw as he had
scattered at the corners of the field. So the mulch had to
be distributed more brightly. During these experiments,
Fukuoka suffered almost a total loss of harvest [web03].
Details:
Fukuoka used the straw of a harvest for mulching on the
next cultivation: The rice straw was sprinkled over the
barley seeds, and the barley straw over the rice seeds.
Fukuoka also thought that the straw would be effective for
weed control. The first mulching with barley straw over
the rice seed was piled too thick, so that the rice
sprouts did not get through. The barley straw had come
directly from the thresher and he had taken apart the
tufts too little. The weeds did not develop, but the rice
did not develop either. His rice harvest fell by 80%. The
neighbors farmers laughed. But Fukuoka observed that the
rice had come out well in the corners, where the straw had
been scattered less. Weeds had not grown, thanks to the
straw. In the second year Fukuoka could celebrate:
sprinkling seeds with mulching he got full harvests and
the soil was bettering by the reduction of the mulch. The
mulch composting system worked. Weeds barely got through
[web05].
White clover
White clover, compared with a human hand
Fukuoka needed over 20 trials to finally find out that
white clover is the only plant that effectively keeps
weeds out. It also accumulates nitrogen in the soil and
improves the soil [web03].
Fukuoka's organic rice with white roots - and
neighbors' chemical rice with black, rotten roots
The machine farming plants rice in narrow rows and repells
weeds with pesticides (15'56 ''). The rice roots of the
semi-grown industrial ice turn black and rot, the roots of
Fukuoka's rice are white and continue to grow (16'19 '').
The rice roots of Fukuoka's organic
rice are white and healthy (left), the rice roots of the
chemical ice of the neighbors are black and rotten
(right) [29]
The roots of Fukuoka's organic rice grow up to 3 feet
(about 1m) deep into the ground, and Fukuoka's fields are
hardly under water (16'32 ''). By growing up to 1m into
the ground, the roots pull up much more minerals from the
subsoil. And after harvest, the roots remain in the soil
being converted into earth giving all nutrients and
organic material to the soil (16'40 ''). The
industrial-machine-rice-farming sprays 2 to 3x pesticides,
which kills also all beneficial animals (16'56 ''). With
pioneer Fukuoka, the entire spectrum of soil animals
isliving in balance: insects, spiders, frogs, dragonflies,
and underground moles, earthworms (17'31 ''). Fukuoka's
fields are pest-resistant, the neighbors' fields are not
(17'44 ''). Pests do not exist in Fukuoka's fields, but
each animal has its function (18'15 ''). [web08] [there is
only a destroyed or an intact ecosystem].
The rice harvest on Fukuoka's farm
Fukuoka's hip high organic rice before harvest harvest
[30] - Fukuoka's organic rice ear (unit) has got 225 to
250 grains per unit [31] - Fukuoka's rice harvest with
sickle by hand [32] - Rice straw is distributed as mulch
and is distributed in the fields covering the barley
seedlings
The barley is sown at the same time as the white clover,
all in all 3 weeks before the rice harvest (20'8 ''). The
rice of the pesticide-machine agriculture has grown high,
the one of Fukuoka a little less high (20'27 ''). The
neighboring rice has about 125 grains per ear (unit),
Fukuoka's rice has 225 to 250 grains per ear (unit) (20'39
''), this makes 1300 pounds per quarter acre, the same
what has the pesticide machine farming (20'48 '')
harvesting with machines, but Fukuoka on the other hand
lets harvest with sickle (21'24 ''). The barley is
sprouting from the ground, and after the rice harvest, the
rice straw is distributed as a mulch over the fields
(21'38 ''). And in this way, the cycle is closed (21'52
''). [web08]
Animals on the farm of Fukuoka
Animals on the fields: hens and ducks plow fields and
eat away all damaging weed
From time to time, chickens and ducks plow the fields
[web08, 15'11 '']. They eat weeds and leave their dung in
the fields (15'13 ''). It also works with chicken manure
from a chicken farm [web08, 5'26 ''].
Animals in the fields: The soil population
Fukuoka floods his rice fields only during 7 to 10 days.
The purpose of this flooding is to weaken weeds and clover
sufficiently, so that the rice can prevail (14'31 ''). The
weeds are kept small, but survive and are thus a habitat
for beneficial insects (14'41 '').
On Fukuoka's farm on the rice-barley fields, the entire
spectrum of soil animals is living in a balance: insects,
spiders, frogs, dragonflies, and underground moles,
earthworms (17'31 ''). Fukuoka's fields are pest-resistant
(17'44 ''). There are no pests, there is only a destroyed
or an intact ecosystem (18'15 ''). [web08]
Converting a farm to primary farming is
not easy
Fukuoka did not manage to set up a manual for the smooth
transition of a farm. People copied his cultivation
methods suffering losses which provoked heavy critics,
especially in Japan itself [web02].
After having failed in experiments people of his village
were mocking him [web03]. Only in the 1980s he met Bill
Mollison entering his network which wanted to save the
planet with permaculture [web03].
1978: Book by Fukuoka "One-Straw Revolutionary" for
sophisticated natural agriculture without pesticides nor
plow [2]
since 1979: Travel without end -
institutes, universities, trainings, lectures, rewards,
reforestations: turning desert into forest
From 1979, Fukuoka traveled the world extensively, giving
lectures, working directly on planting seeds and restoring
vegetable areas, and receiving a number of awards in
various countries in recognition of his work and
achievements. On the journeys he passed among others New
York, California, Europe, India or Africa, there were
universities, UN officials and certified farms where
Fukuoka and his companions held lectures, workshops and
sawing. Desert landscapes should be prevented
("Desertification Control Action Plan"). [Web02]
Only in the 1980s he met Bill Mollison becoming a member
of his network for saving the planet with permaculture
[web03].
Fukuoka and Bill Mollison [10]
In the 1980s, Fukuoka registered that he and his family
shipped about 6,000 boxes of citrus fruits to Tokyo each
year, which is about 90 tons.
In the 1990s, he visited farms in Thailand to obtain seeds
for the replanting of India. In 1993 he was at the Earth
Summit in Rio in Brazil, 1996 in Africa, again with
greening projects, this time in Tanzania, 1995 in Vietnam,
1998 in the Philippines, 2001 in Greece for replanting
10,000ha of land around Lake Vegoritis in the Pella
region, also in China, in Mallorca and India in 2002 for
workshops at universities, and 8 tons of seeds were sent
to Afghanistan. In 2005 he was at the World Exhibition in
Aichi (Japan), 2006 he was interviewed 1 hour in the
Japanese TV NHK. [web02]
-- India 1988: Deshikottam Prize of Visva Bharati
University
-- Philippines 1988: Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public
Service, the "Asian Nobel Prize"
-- Rio de Janeiro 1997: Earth Council Award, honoring his
work for sophisticated development
-- 1998 Grant from the Rockefeller Brothers Fund $ 10,000
- not used and repaid because he felt too old [web02].
In India 1988, Fukuoka receives Deshikottam Prize [37] -
In 1988, Fukuoka receives Ramon Magsaysay Prize [38]
Rewards
-- India 1988: Desikottam Prize of Visva Bharati
University
-- Philippines 1988: Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public
Service, Asian Nobel Prize
-- Rio de Janeiro 1997: Earth Council Award, honoring its
contribution to sustainable development
-- 1998 Rockefeller Brothers Fund grants $ 10,000 - unused
and repaid for old age [web02].
And more books came out.
Masanobu Fukuoka died on August 16, 2008 at the age of 95,
after a period of confinement in bed and in a wheelchair
[web01].
Photo sources
[1] Masanobu Fukuoka:
https://www.pinterest.de/pin/296815431663708280/
[2] Book von Masanobu Fukuoka: One Straw Revolutionary:
https://www.pinterest.de/pin/258253359856254758/
[3] Fukukoa, seed balls:
https://blog.goo.ne.jp/taotao39/e/2d8158b5bd70a2705afafca77f3d71f4
[4] Masanobu Fukukoa, the citrus garden:
http://ipst.adm.ehime-u.ac.jp/glocas/project/fukuokaNature
[5] Fukuoka, book "In Harmonie mit der Natur" 1998:
https://www.pinterest.de/pin/482729653784800030/
[6] Fukuoka, book "Rückkehr zur Natur" 1998:
https://www.amazon.de/Rückkehr-zur-Natur-Masanobu-Fukuoka/dp/3923176465/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1538500878&sr=8-1&keywords=Fukuoka+Masanobu%3A+Rückkehr+zur+Natur.
[7] Fukuoka cross-legged:
https://www.pinterest.de/pin/584271751627452833/
[8] Fukuoka walking in a barley field:
https://www.pinterest.de/pin/512636370059229778/
[9] Fukuoka, seedballs:
https://www.pinterest.de/pin/791296597005799235/
[10] Fukuoka with Bill Mollison:
https://www.pinterest.de/pin/39406565462508071/
[11] Fukuoka on stage with view to the sea:
https://www.pinterest.de/pin/126663808246390454/
[12] Yokohama Showa in the 1930s:
http://www.meijishowa.com/photography/4403/140302-0028-bentendori
[13] Yokohama harbor hall (Port Opening Memorial Hall) in
the 1930s:
http://www.meijishowa.com/photography/4402/140302-0027-port-opening-memorial-hall
[14] Yokohama Showa in the 1930s with rikshas and cars:
http://www.meijishowa.com/photography/3291/120409-0021-bentendori
[15] Fukuoka harvesting giant radish:
https://tomchurch.co.uk/masanobu-fukuoka-on-natural-farming-philosophy-and-doing-nothing/
[16] Fukuokas fruit garden with citrus trees and vegetable
fields:
http://tsukeshoin.eklablog.com/masanobu-fukuoka-en-ses-demeures-a119621418?noajax&mobile=1
[35,36] Tree garden of Fukuoka in Japan with many tree
species 1,2:
Video: Natural Farming with Masanobu Fukuoka:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzs8iFGNdBo
[37] Fukuoka receiving Deshikottam Prize in India 1988:
Video: Natural Farming with Masanobu Fukuoka:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzs8iFGNdBo
[38] Fukuoka receiving Ramon Magsaysay Prize in 1988:
Video: Natural Farming with Masanobu Fukuoka:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzs8iFGNdBo
Map 01: Japan with Shikoku Island:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikoku
Map 02: Japan with Tokyo and Yokohama:
https://www.ezilon.com/maps/asia/japan-physical-maps.html
Map 03: India with Mumbay and Dahanu:
http://www.indmaps.com/
Masanobu Fukuoka, the orchard with emphasis on citrus trees (citrus garden), old trees are no longer harvested, but the fruits cause new trees [4] - Fruit garden of Fukuoka at about 1980 [21]
Fukukoa, seed balls [4] - seedballs of Fukuoka [9] - Fukuoka cross-legged [7]
